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1066 (JANUARY TO OCTOBER) HAROLD IS KING
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Harold defeats Tostig at Stamford Bridge. William the Norman lands at Pevensey and Harold is defeated and slain at Senlac.
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1066-1154 ANGLO-NORMAN KINGS AND FEUDALISM |
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1066-1087 THE REIGN OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR
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1070 |
Archbishop Stigand is deposed and Lanfranc made Primate. Lanfranc proceeds to remodel the Church and in particular founds Spiritual Courts in which alone Ecclesiastical cases are tried.
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1083 |
Queen Matilda dies. A fresh revolt breaks out in Maine. A danegold of 72 pennies on each hide of land is levied to assist in the collection of which a general survey of the country is ordered. The result is the compilation called ‘Domesday Book’ (1085-1086).
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1086 |
The Salisbury Decree makes every freeman the king’s as well as his immediate lord’s ‘man.’ Domesday Survey completed.
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1087 |
War breaks out with France and William is fatally injured at the destruction of Mantes.
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1087-1100 THE REIGN OF WILLIAM ‘RUFUS’
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1087 |
William 2 , ‘Rufus’ is elected king by the Witan or Great Council by the aid of Lanfranc.
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1096 |
Robert, Duke of Normandy pledges Normandy to William 2 for 10, 000 marks and then sets out for the Holy Land on the first Crusade. William invades Wales and builds castles on the borders to keep the Welsh in order. The Barons under Mowbray, De Lacy and Bigod revolt for the second time but are ruthlessly crushed. William takes possession of all Normandy. (The first acquisition of Normandy.)
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1100 |
William is slain in the New Forest.
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1100-1135 THE REIGN OF HENRY 1
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1111, 1114, 1121
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The English make steady progress in the conquest of Wales.
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1120 |
Pipe Rolls (Sheriffs Accounts to Exchequer).
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1128 |
In the absence of a male heir, Henry forces the Great Council to swear allegiance to the Empress Matilda, widow of Henry of Germany, as his heir. Matilda is then married to Geoffrey Plantagenet of Anjou.
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1135-1154 THE REIGN OF STEPHEN
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1139 |
After conquering Normandy, Matilda, with Robert of Gloucester, lands in England and civil war breaks out which lasts 8 years.
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1153 |
By the peace of Wallingford it is arranged that Stephen shall retain the crown for life and Henry, son of Matilda, shall succeed.
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1154-1217 THE REIGN OF HENRY 2
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1160 |
A scutage of forty shillings is imposed on all knights’ fees in lieu of personal service.
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1166 |
The Assize of Clarendon extends the grand jury system to criminal cases. Dermot, King of Leinster, receives permission from Henry to seek allies among the nobles on the Welsh Marches.
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1169 |
Richard ‘Strongbow’ and others settle in Ireland.
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1176 |
By the Assize of Northampton the ‘Justices in Eyre’ are sent on circuit.
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1178 |
Five judges are appointed to sit as a Court of Appeal at Westminster: from them originate the Courts of King’s Bench and Common Pleas.
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1189-1199 THE REIGN OF RICHARD 1
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1195 |
The ‘Justices of the Peace’ take their origin.
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1198 |
The Barons in the Great Council and the bishops under Hugh of Lincoln refuse to furnish knights for the foreign service. Hubert Walter resigns his justiciarship at the bidding of Pope Innocent 3 but before he does so carries out a new survey of the country and a permanent land tax called ‘Carucage’ is imposed.
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1199-1937
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Chancery Rolls begin recording royal grants of land etc.
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1199-1216 THE REIGN OF JOHN
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1204/5-1903
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Close Rolls – Crown grants – e.g. enclosure award, deeds poll, enrolled deeds.
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1215 |
Magna Carta is signed by the king but the Pope annuls it. Civil war begins and John profiting by a split in the Baronage ravages Yorkshire.
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1216 |
At his coronation Henry renews his fealty to the Pope. William, the Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, is named regent and guardian of the King.
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1217 |
Louis of France is defeated at the ‘Fair of Lincoln.’ The Justiciar, Hubert de Burgh, destroys the French fleet off Sandwich. The Great Charter is issued for the first time in its final form.
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1219 |
On the death of Pembroke, Hubert de Burgh becomes the principal figure in the country and represents English interests in opposition to the foreign influences of Peter des Roches.
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1227 |
Henry is declared of age.
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1233 |
The Earl of Pembroke, de Burgh and the Barons rise in revolt.
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1235
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Morgan ap howell cedes Caerleon to Earl Pembroke.
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1258 |
The ‘Mad’ Parliament meets at Oxford. The executive is taken from the King. This scheme is known as the ‘Provisions of Oxford.’
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1262 |
Ashperton Castle, Herefordshire granted to Prince Edward, later part of Duchy of Lancaster.
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1264 |
The Barons under Simon de Montfort defeat the royal forces at Lewes. The ‘Mise of Lewes’ appoints a new body of arbitrators to control the King.
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1265 |
In the Parliament summoned by Simon cities and boroughs are represented as well as shires. Simon’s party is defeated by the royal forces at the battles of Kenilworth and Evesham and Earl Simon is slain.
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1269 |
Monmouth lordship to Edmund Earl of Lancaster the Second surviving son of Henry 3 Duchy lands in Gwent are large including the Three Castles of White Castle, Grosmont and Skenfrith. |
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1272-1307 THE REIGN OF EDWARD 1
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1277 |
Edward determines to subdue the Welsh and their prince Llewellyn is forced to submit.
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1278 |
By the Statute of Gloucester the nobles are required to show ‘quo warranto’ – by what warrant – they hold their lands and privileges. Compulsory knighthood is forced on all freeholders of an estate worth 20 pounds a year.
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1282 |
Llewellyn and his brother David revolt. Llewellyn is slain in battle.
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1283 |
David is executed and Edward finally subjugates Wales.
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1284 |
Edward of Carnarvon, the first ‘Prince of Wales’, is born.
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1286 |
Edward is absent in France for three years. On the death of Alexander 3 of Scotland a dispute arises about the succession.
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1291 |
Edward claims the guardianship of Scotland and confirms Baliol’s claim. Baliol does homage for Scotland in 1292.
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1295 |
The ‘Model Parliament’ is summoned – at which barons, prelates, knights and burghers are fully represented. Johanes ap Reynulf ap Adam holds 1 knights fee in Usk At Llanbadoc, Arthybile and Brendyhirock |
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1296 |
Edward crushes the Scots at Dunbar and Baliol surrenders his crown.
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1297 |
Wallace defeats the English at the battle of Stirling.
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1298 |
Edward defeats Wallace at Falkirk with a loss of 15,000 men. John ap Adam Baron of Beachley is present.
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1301 |
John ap Adam seals the Barons letter to the Pope in support of Edward’s claim to Scotland.
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1307-1327 THE REIGN OF EDWARD 2
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1314 |
Roused by the success of Bruce (1311-1314) Edward marches into Scotland but is defeated disastrously at Bannockburn. Scotland is virtually independent. This defeat leaves Edward powerless before the Barons, who, under Lancaster, assume the direction of affairs.
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1316 |
Lancaster becomes President of the Council. Pestilence, murrain and famine rage in the country.
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1322 |
Edward defeats Lancaster at Boroughbridge and executes him.
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1327-1377 THE REIGN OF EDWARD 3
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1348 |
The Black Death carries off one third of the population.
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1362 |
The English language is appointed to be used in Law Courts. Edward agrees to lay no tax on wool without the consent of Parliament and gives up the right of purveyance.
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1375 |
William ap Adam holds land in Hereford City
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1377-1399 THE REIGN OF RICHARD 2
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Chronicle of Adam of Usk for period 1377 - 1421
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1379 |
The Commons impose a graduated poll-tax.
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1385 |
Richard creates his uncles Edmund and Thomas dukes of York and Gloucester and sends John of Gaunt to Spain to prosecute his claims upon the crown of Castille.
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1399-1485 HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK
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1399-1413 THE REIGN OF HENRY 4
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Adam of Usk resigns Shirenewton in an exchange with Thomas ap Adam – ap William ap Weloc |
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1402 |
Owen Glendower inflicts a serious defeat on the English.
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1406-7
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Parliament demands the public audit of Government accounts. The principle that the Commons are the source of all money grants is established.
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1413-1422 THE REIGN OF HENRY 5
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1415 |
Henry defeats the French at Agincourt.
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1422-1461 THE REIGN OF HENRY 6
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1422 |
The Duke of Bedford is made Regent in France and Humphrey of Gloucester Protector in England.
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1429 |
Adam Usk dies, mentions his kinsman Edward ap Adam in his will |
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1447 |
Gloucester is arrested at Suffolk’s instigation. His death is soon followed by that of his opponent Beaufort.
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1455 |
The Wars of the Roses. Civil war breaks out and the King’s friends are defeated by the Duke of York at the first battle of St. Albans.
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1461 |
Edward defeats the Lancastrians at Mortimer’s Cross. Henry 6 is deposed and Edward elected king. Margaret wins the second battle of St. Albans and recovers possession of the King.
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1463 |
Thomas ap Adams is incumbent at Bredenbury near Bromyard, Herefordshire.
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1461-1483 THE REIGN OF EDWARD 4
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1463 |
Wales alone holds out for Henry 6.
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1468 |
William Herbert Earl. 1st Welshman made an Earl. 1469 he is beheaded.
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1483 (April – June)
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Edward 5 is king though never crowned. Lord Hastings, the chief friend of Edward 4, is arrested and executed, and Richard of Gloucester is declared protector. Richard claims the crown and is formally elected.
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1483-1485 THE REIGN OF RICHARD 3
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1483 |
The two sons of Edward 4 are murdered in the Tower. Bishop Morton’s scheme for marrying Henry Tudor to Elizabeth, daughter of Edward 4, is favoured by Buckingham. Buckingham revolts in Wales and is put to death.
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1484 |
Henry Tudor, in Brittany, swears to carry out Morton’s scheme.
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1485-1509 THE REIGN OF HENRY 7 TUDOR DYNASTY BEGINS
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1485 |
Parliament confers the crown on Henry and his lawful heirs.
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1486 |
Henry marries Elizabeth, daughter of Edward 4, and thus unites the two houses of Lancaster and York.
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1487 |
The Court of Star Chamber is established, the scope of which is constantly extended till by an act of 1504 it covers almost every crime.
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1499-1504
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The Tudor dynasty being now safe, Henry rules without a parliament.
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1501 |
Prince Arthur is married to Catherine of Aragon.
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1502 |
Death of Arthur. Catherine is contracted to Arthur’s younger brother, Henry.
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1509-1547 THE REIGN OF HENRY 8
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1509-1798
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Feet of Fines Calendars. Wolsey appointed Dean of Hereford Walter Badham (ap Adam, etc) is Groom of the Chamber to the King and gains the tolls of Knighton in the Marches
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1513
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Henry lands at Calais and defeats the French at Guinegatte (the Battle of the Spurs, where Walter Badham is probably present) and takes Terouenne and Tournai. James 4 and the invading Scots are defeated at Flodden with a loss of 10,000 men and James 4 is slain.
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1515 |
Wolsey (by this time Archbishop of York), whose policy is peace and the preservation of the balance of power, is made a Cardinal and Henry’s Chancellor.
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1519 |
Walter Badham to be Ranger in the Forest of Dean.
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1520 |
Henry 8 and Francis 1 of France meet at the field of the cloth of gold. Walter Badham is present.
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1530 |
Henry consults the Universities of Europe as to the legality of his marriage with Catherine. Wolsey is pardoned and restored to his archbisopric. The arrest and death of Wolsey.
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1533 |
Henry secretly marries Anne Boleyn.
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1534 |
The Act of Supremacy declares the king ‘the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England.’
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1535 |
Richard Badam to Parish of Dormington.
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1536 |
The smaller monasteries are dissolved. Anne Boleyn is executed. and 1542, Acts of Union with Wales, Formation of Shires and Hundreds. Gavelkind starts to disappear.
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1537 |
The birth of Edward 6 and death of Jane Seymour. The greater monasteries are attacked and the Friars in 1538.
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1538 |
Thomas Cromwell’s “sure coffer” Mandate, to keep parish records safe.
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1540 |
Henry marries Anne of Cleves. Henry marries Catherine Howard.
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1543 |
It is made a capital crime to disagree with Henry’s theological opinions. Henry marries Catherine Parr.
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1547-1553 THE REIGN OF EDWARD 6
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1547 |
Seymour, now Duke of Somerset, is made Protector.
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1549 |
Cranmer publishes the Catechism and Book of Common Prayer, the use of which is enforced by an Act of Uniformity.
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1552 |
Churchwardens are empowered to exact collections in their parishes for the support of the poor.
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1553-1558 THE REIGN OF MARY
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1558-1603 THE REIGN OF ELIZABETH
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1560 |
John Badham appointed to Dormington parish, at Bridstow by1578
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1562 |
The Statute of Labourers, the First English Poor Law, is passed.
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1563 |
The Test Act is passed, strengthening the Act of Supremacy of 1559 and compelling assent to the thirty nine Articles.
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1588 |
The Great Armada sets sail against Elizabeth but the English Catholics remain loyal. The Armada is defeated and shattered by storms.
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1598 |
Order instituting Parish Register books. Bishops’ Transcripts begin.
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1603-1625 THE REIGN OF JAMES 1
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1604 |
James summons the Hampton Court Conference, the only result of which was the version of the Bible issued in 1611. James’s first parliament refuses to pass the canons issued by the conference; later on they present an address called The ‘Apology’ of the Commons, defining their position in relation to the king. Peace is made with Spain on favourable terms.
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1604-1605
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Gunpowder Plot is formed by Catholic malcontents to blow up the King, Lords and Commons. The Catholics are in consequence persecuted.
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1606 |
Colonies are founded in Virginia by royal charter.
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1620 |
The ‘Pilgrim Fathers’ sail in the ‘Mayflower.’ Frederick is driven from his Palatinate.
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1623 |
Catholics are allowed by James to worship in private houses.
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1625-1649 THE REIGN OF CHARLES 1
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1641 |
The Triennial Bill is passed. Strafford is impeached but the Commons, fearing an acquittal from the Lords, substitute attainder. Strafford is abandoned by the king and executed. A revolt breaks out in Ireland. The Grand Remonstrance is carried and presented to Charles. The Commons resolve to impeach the queen.
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1642 |
The royal standard is raised at Nottingham.
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1642-1649 THE GREAT CIVIL WAR
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1644/5
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Ordinance requiring birth dates as well as parents’ names on registers.
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1648 |
A second civil war is caused by a reaction in the king’s favour. The Presbyterian party are for the time supreme in parliament. Hamilton, who as a result of the ‘engagement’, had marched from Scotland to aid the king, is defeated at Preston. The army turns on the parliament and presents a Grand Army Remonstrance.
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1649 |
Charles is tried and executed.
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1649-1660 THE COMMONWEALTH
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1649 |
The House of Lords and the monarchy are abolished.
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1653 |